Anuradhapura – The Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka
Anuradhapura is one of the most significant and sacred cities in Sri Lanka, known for its rich cultural heritage, religious significance, and awe-inspiring architectural wonders. As the first capital of Sri Lanka, it served as the political and religious hub for over 1,300 years, from the 4th century BC to the 10th century AD. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, Anuradhapura is home to majestic stupas, ancient temples, and vast monasteries that bear witness to a golden age of Sri Lankan civilization.
Key Attractions in Anuradhapura
1. Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi – The Sacred Bo Tree
The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is one of the most sacred and revered sites in Sri Lanka. It is believed to be a sapling of the original Bodhi tree under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment. Planted in 288 BC, it is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date. Thousands of pilgrims visit this sacred tree every year to offer their prayers.
- Highlights:
- Participate in traditional offerings and witness daily rituals.
- Explore the temple grounds and interact with local devotees.
2. Ruwanwelisaya – The Great Stupa
The Ruwanwelisaya Stupa, also known as the Mahathupa, is one of the largest and most important religious monuments in Sri Lanka. Built by King Dutugemunu in the 2nd century BC, it stands 103 meters tall and has a circumference of 290 meters. This iconic white dome is a symbol of Sri Lanka’s Buddhist heritage.
- Highlights:
- Admire the sheer size and architectural elegance of the stupa.
- Walk around the stupa while observing the traditional chanting of monks and pilgrims.
3. Jetavanaramaya – The Largest Stupa
Jetavanaramaya was once the tallest stupa in the ancient world, standing at 122 meters. Built by King Mahasena in the 3rd century AD, it symbolizes the grandeur of Anuradhapura’s Buddhist heritage. The massive brick structure showcases the engineering brilliance of the ancient Sri Lankan civilization.
- Highlights:
- Learn about the stupa’s significance and its role in the spread of Buddhism.
- Explore the ruins of the monastery that surrounds the stupa.
4. Thuparamaya – The Oldest Stupa in Sri Lanka
Thuparamaya is considered to be the first Buddhist stupa built in Sri Lanka, constructed by King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BC. It enshrines the collarbone relic of Lord Buddha, making it an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists.
- Highlights:
- Marvel at the elegant design of the stupa, surrounded by stone pillars.
- Join the devotees in a peaceful, spiritual atmosphere.
5. Abhayagiri Monastery Complex
The Abhayagiri Monastery, one of the largest and most prestigious monasteries in the ancient world, was a hub for Buddhist learning and culture. It once housed thousands of monks and was a center for religious activities in the 1st century BC. The Abhayagiri Stupa stands as a testament to the complex’s grandeur and significance.
- Highlights:
- Explore the sprawling ruins of the monastery, including meditation halls, temples, and stone carvings.
- Climb to the top of the stupa for breathtaking views of the ancient city.
6. Isurumuniya Temple
Isurumuniya is famous for its intricate rock carvings, including the iconic “Lovers of Isurumuniya” sculpture, which is an ancient masterpiece. This temple, set by a serene lake, is a tranquil site with historical and religious importance.
- Highlights:
- Admire the beautiful rock carvings that depict various mythological and historical figures.
- Enjoy the serene atmosphere by the nearby Tissa Wewa Reservoir.
7. Mihintale – The Birthplace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Mihintale, located 13 kilometers east of Anuradhapura, is considered the birthplace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. It was here that King Devanampiya Tissa met the Buddhist monk Mahinda, who introduced Buddhism to the island. Mihintale is a significant pilgrimage site, with ancient temples, stupas, and caves to explore.
- Highlights:
- Climb the 1,840 steps to the summit, where the main stupa and meditation caves are located.
- Visit the Maha Seya Stupa, which enshrines relics of Lord Buddha.
8. Kuttam Pokuna – The Twin Ponds
The Kuttam Pokuna, or Twin Ponds, are impressive examples of ancient Sri Lankan engineering. These two large bathing ponds were used by monks at the Abhayagiri Monastery and showcase the ingenuity of ancient water management systems.
- Highlights:
- Observe the intricate stonework and the advanced hydraulic systems.
- Learn about the significance of these ponds in the daily lives of ancient monks.
9. Samadhi Buddha Statue
The Samadhi Buddha statue is a beautifully carved stone sculpture of Lord Buddha in a meditative posture. Dating back to the 4th century AD, this serene statue embodies the calm and tranquility of the Buddha’s teachings.
- Highlights:
- Reflect on the spiritual peace exuded by the statue’s serene expression.
- Explore the surrounding gardens and take in the peaceful atmosphere.
10. Ritigala – The Mystical Forest Monastery
Located about 40 kilometers from Anuradhapura, Ritigala is an ancient forest monastery known for its mystical atmosphere and ancient ruins hidden within the dense forest. The site dates back to the 1st century BC and offers an off-the-beaten-path experience.
- Highlights:
- Hike through the forest to discover ancient meditation caves and ruins.
- Learn about the legends surrounding the mountain and its connection to ancient rituals.
Nearby Attractions to Explore
- Wilpattu National Park: For nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts, a visit to Wilpattu National Park is highly recommended. Located west of Anuradhapura, this park is famous for its population of leopards, elephants, and sloth bears. A safari through the park offers a chance to see these animals in their natural habitat.
- Avukana Buddha Statue: Located near the Kala Wewa Reservoir, this towering 40-foot Buddha statue is an extraordinary example of ancient Sri Lankan craftsmanship. The statue is carved out of a single rock face and is considered one of the finest representations of the standing Buddha.
Best Time to Visit Anuradhapura
The best time to visit Anuradhapura is during the dry season, which typically runs from May to September. During this period, the weather is pleasant, and you can explore the outdoor sites comfortably. However, if you plan to attend religious festivals, such as the Poson Festival in June, which commemorates the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura becomes even more vibrant with processions and rituals.
Travel Tips for Visitors
- Respect Religious Customs: Anuradhapura is home to many sacred sites, so it’s essential to dress modestly, covering your shoulders and knees when visiting temples and stupas. You may also be required to remove your shoes before entering certain religious sites.
- Hydration and Sun Protection: The weather in Anuradhapura can be hot, especially during midday. Make sure to carry water, wear sunscreen, and bring a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
- Footwear: Many temple sites require you to remove your shoes, so it’s a good idea to wear comfortable, easy-to-remove footwear.
- Guided Tours: To get the most out of your visit, consider hiring a local guide who can provide in-depth information about the history and significance of each site.
Conclusion
Anuradhapura offers a journey through time, where history, culture, and spirituality blend seamlessly. With its ancient stupas, sacred temples, and awe-inspiring monuments, Anuradhapura is a must-visit destination for those looking to explore the roots of Sri Lanka’s rich heritage. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a spiritual seeker, or a nature lover, this ancient city promises an unforgettable experience that will leave you in awe of its timeless beauty.
Plan your trip to Anuradhapura with Ceylon Travel Guides and step into the heart of Sri Lanka’s ancient past.
Full Travel Plan: Exploring Anuradhapura – The First Capital of Sri Lanka’s Kingdom
Anuradhapura, the first capital of ancient Sri Lanka, is a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its well-preserved ruins and historical significance. Located in the North Central Province, Anuradhapura offers a glimpse into the island’s ancient civilization, Buddhist culture, and architectural marvels. Below is a detailed travel itinerary for Ceylon Travel Guides’ visitors, offering a full experience of Anuradhapura and its surrounding attractions.
Day 1: Arrival in Anuradhapura
Morning:
- Arrival and Check-in: Arrive in Anuradhapura and check in at a heritage hotel or eco-lodge in the area.
- Breakfast: Enjoy a traditional Sri Lankan breakfast of hoppers, coconut sambol, and fresh fruit.
Exploration Begins:
- Sri Maha Bodhi Tree: Start your journey at the sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, one of the oldest trees in the world, brought to Sri Lanka over 2,000 years ago. It’s a revered site for Buddhists, believed to be a sapling of the tree under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment.
- Key Highlight: Participate in morning prayers and offerings with local pilgrims.
Afternoon:
- Ruwanwelisaya Stupa: Visit the Ruwanwelisaya, one of the largest and most important stupas in Sri Lanka. This massive white structure symbolizes the spiritual legacy of ancient Sri Lanka.
- Key Highlight: Marvel at its size and the serene atmosphere that surrounds this sacred space.
- Lunch: Take a break for lunch at a local restaurant serving rice and curry, or enjoy a cool drink by the lake.
Evening:
- Jetavanaramaya Stupa: Explore Jetavanaramaya, once the tallest structure in the world after the Pyramids of Egypt. Its scale and historical significance make it a must-see.
- Key Highlight: Learn about the engineering marvels and Buddhist relics housed within.
- Isurumuniya Temple: End your day at the peaceful Isurumuniya Temple, famous for its rock carvings, including the “Lovers of Isurumuniya.”
- Key Highlight: Watch the sunset over the tranquil Tissa Wewa Reservoir.
Day 2: Ancient Monuments and Reservoirs
Morning:
- Abhayagiri Monastery: Begin with a visit to the Abhayagiri Monastery, which was one of the most extensive monastic complexes in the ancient world. Walk through the ruins and learn about its role in spreading Buddhism across Asia.
- Key Highlight: Climb the Abhayagiri Dagoba and enjoy panoramic views of the ancient city.
- Kuttam Pokuna (Twin Ponds): Admire the stunning ancient bathing pools that showcase the ingenuity of ancient hydraulic systems. These twin ponds were used by monks for ritual bathing.
Afternoon:
- Lunch: Enjoy a meal at a traditional Sri Lankan restaurant, trying out local delicacies such as Pol Sambol (spicy coconut relish) with roti or rice.
- Mihintale: A short drive from Anuradhapura is Mihintale, the birthplace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Climb the 1,840 steps to reach the summit, where you’ll find a peaceful sanctuary and a stunning view.
- Key Highlight: Visit the historic rock caves and Mihindu Guha, where Mahinda Thera, the monk who introduced Buddhism to Sri Lanka, meditated.
Evening:
- Nuwara Wewa and Basawakkulama Tank: Take a relaxing walk around Nuwara Wewa and Basawakkulama Tank, two large ancient reservoirs that provided water to the city. These sites reflect the advanced water management systems of the Anuradhapura civilization.
- Key Highlight: Take in the sunset by the calm waters, a great opportunity for nature photography.
Day 3: Exploring Surrounding Attractions
Morning:
- Thuparamaya Dagoba: Begin your day by visiting Thuparamaya, the first dagoba built in Sri Lanka. It is believed to house the collarbone relic of Lord Buddha.
- Key Highlight: Walk through the columns that once supported an elaborate roof, marking this spot as one of the oldest surviving stupas in Sri Lanka.
- Samadhi Buddha Statue: Visit the serene Samadhi Buddha Statue, which dates back to the 4th century AD. The statue represents Buddha in a meditative posture and is a popular place for quiet reflection.
- Key Highlight: Absorb the tranquil atmosphere and sense of spiritual peace.
Afternoon:
- Avukana Buddha Statue: Drive to the Avukana Buddha, a magnificent 40-foot-tall statue carved out of a single rock face, located near the Kala Wewa Reservoir. This statue is an exceptional example of ancient Sri Lankan craftsmanship.
- Key Highlight: Observe the intricate details of the robe and facial expressions, a masterpiece of the Anuradhapura era.
- Lunch: Enjoy a picnic by the Kala Wewa Reservoir, surrounded by scenic views of the countryside.
Evening:
- Ritigala Forest Monastery: Explore Ritigala, an ancient forest monastery located on a lush, verdant mountain. Ritigala is a hidden gem that offers an off-the-beaten-path experience, with ruins and meditation paths that date back to the 1st century BC.
- Key Highlight: Hike through the dense forest, exploring ancient ruins and meditation caves used by monks seeking spiritual solace.
Day 4: Departure and Souvenir Shopping
Morning:
- Shopping at Anuradhapura Market: Before departure, explore the Anuradhapura market for souvenirs. Purchase local handicrafts, spices, and traditional Sri Lankan artwork.
- Optional: Visit Wilpattu National Park: If time allows, take a half-day safari at Wilpattu National Park, home to leopards, elephants, and sloth bears. This adds a touch of adventure and wildlife experience to your cultural tour.
- Key Highlight: Enjoy a safari through the park’s beautiful landscapes, spotting wildlife in their natural habitat.
Departure:
- Depart Anuradhapura with memories of a spiritual and historical journey through one of Sri Lanka’s most significant ancient capitals.
Essential Sri Lankan Travel Advice:
Stay Informed with the Official Government Website
Planning a trip to Sri Lanka? Visit the official Sri Lankan government travel advice website at www.srilanka.travel for up-to-date information on travel requirements, safety tips, and health guidelines. Stay informed about any travel advisories to ensure a smooth and safe journey. Always check the website before traveling for the latest updates!